On the Talismanic Gifts of Jupiter: Astrological Magic of the 6th Sphere

For folks just starting down the starry path—for instance, anyone who only has only recently discovered that astrological talismans exist—the question often arises: which talisman should I get? For more experienced enthusiasts or even seasoned practitioners of astrological magic, keeping the variety of talismans and wealth of sources straight can be a challenge.

This series of posts on the talismanic gifts of the seven spheres aims to provide a comprehensive and comprehensible resource that lists and explains the types of talismans and their various possible effects. In this post, we explore the variety of Jupiter talismans attested in source texts on astrological magic available to us in English.

Traditional astrologers consider Jupiter the “Greater Benefic,” a generally positive and life-affirming force. Marsilio Ficino, for example, esteemed Jupiter as the planet of mildness and temperance, and he saw Jupiter’s gifts as essentially universally positive. He recommended that “it would be worthwhile to use Jovial things as much as possible… and to make a more frequent use of those which are either equally common to all the other planets or proper to Jupiter. For things proper to Jupiter are also somewhat common to all” (Three Books on Life, Book 3, Chapter XI).

Indeed, Ficino’s general advice except in extreme cases was for people to use celestial magic to “increase the influence of the Sun, of Jupiter, or of Venus” (Book 3, Chapter XIII), the planets he referred to as the Three Graces. Before turning to examine specific Jupiter talismans, let us examine the range of possible benefits of Jupiter talismans.

The Purposes and Effects of Jupiter Talismans

Texts of astrological magic frequently contain what get referred to as ‘recipes’ for talismans. These recipes usually list a talismanic image (i.e., a picture, sigil, or design), the purpose or intention of the recipe, and often some prescribed materials such as a metal or gem, and sometimes herbs or incense to use. Much gets left to the reader, just as how cooking recipes often contain a list of ingredients and some general instructions but then rely on one’s general understanding of food and cooking (e.g., knowing what ‘medium-high heat’ means, how to dice onions, how to fry something in a pan, and even how to obtain ingredients in the first place). Similarly, talisman ‘recipes’ are often written with seasoned mages in mind, and contain bare minimum ‘ingredients’ that assume the reader will be able to fill in the blanks.

This post does not contain complete recipes, let alone instructions on how to cook, so to speak (i.e., how to make talismans), but rather a sort of cookbook table of contents: that is, what sorts of Jupiter talismans can be made.

Recipes for Jupiter talismans provide a variety of significations. Although these will be spelled out in significant detail below, here is a summary of the attested uses of Jupiter talismans:

Wealth & prosperity
Success in undertakings
Luck & good fortune
Honor
Peace
Gratitude
Bravery
Well-being, happiness, & general goodness in life
Favor & good will from others
Magnanimity & capacity to do good
Love (likely in a general rather than romantic sense)
Longevity
Alleviation of conditions of the heart, liver, & lungs
Relief from health conditions associated with Jupiter
Having many sons
Relief from anxiety
Success in negotiations
Victory in disputes (especially legal)
Knowledge of the law
Favor from government officials, judges, & the law
Religiosity & knowledge of the divine
Capacity to see spirits
Affinity for jovial creatures and people
Redemption of prisoners
Protection from and/or appeasement of enemies
Preservation from thieves & injuries in battle
Forestalling accidents and Saturn-influenced violent death
Eliciting fear in people and devils

Not every Jupiter talisman will have all or even most of these effects. Rather, specific talismanic recipes list one or a handful of these significations corresponding to a particular talismanic image. For source material and explanation of the various effects of Jupiter talismans, read on!

Jupiter Talismans in the Picatrix

Several recipes for Jupiter talismans are given in the Picatrix. The first is the “ring of Jupiter,” described toward the front of Book II, Chapter 10 in a list of images of the planets. Six planetary rings are described in this section—one for each of the seven traditional planets except the Moon, whose omission remains a mystery. The ring of Jupiter’s effects are rather straightforward:

“whoever caries this ring will be served by the sons of men, eagles, vultures, lions, and all the works of Jupiter.”
—Maslama al-Qurtubi, Picatrix, Book II, Chapter 10 (tr. Greer & Warnock)

From a contemporary perspective this list might look rather mysterious, but from a medieval or Renaissance perspective it would be understood that this was intended as a list of jovial animals and birds—that is, creatures attributed to the rulership of Jupiter. William Lilly lists eagles among the birds of Jupiter, Al-Biruni lists lions among the animals, and sons are associated with Jupiter as we shall see in the next talisman. Vultures are a little more obscure, but are considered sacred animals in many cultures. Furthermore, the image of the vulture appears on a Jupiter talisman in the Picatrix, and the lore of the fixed star Vega attests to the ambiguity and overlap between eagles and vultures in ancient celestial symbolism.

In short, the ring of Jupiter’s description suggests that the primary purpose of this talisman is to establish its bearer as something like nobility within the hierarchy of Jupiter.

Book II, Chapter 10 lists five other Jupiter talismans, which we describe below.

“Those who carry this image will have increase of riches and honor and lead a good life, and have many sons, and be able to perform good things and not be injured by enemies.”
—Maslama al-Qurtubi, Picatrix, Book II, Chapter 10 (tr. Greer & Warnock)

The first talisman in the list of recipes in this section is a real banger, bringing a wide range of positive boons. On first glance, the common thread running through the effects listed for this talisman might be unclear. Although talismanic images can sometimes be quite surreal or inscrutable, sometimes it helps to examine the image and its symbolic relationship to the talisman effects.

For this talisman, the recipe involves the image of “a crowned man sitting on a throne… raising his hand as though he were praying.” One of the things that makes Picatrix a difficult book is that it relies on the reader’s capacity to link together disparate parts of the book and understand often far ranging significations and intricacies. Here, the key is in Book III, Chapter 7 of the Picatrix, which states that “kings [and] their sons” belong to the portion of Jupiter.

With this insight in hand, we can see that this talisman is best understood as a talisman of magnanimous kingship. Riches and honor support anyone in any station, of course. The “good life” and “good things [performed]” here likely refer not to generically positive experiences and actions, but rather virtuous things and magnanimous deeds.

Having “many sons” may seem like an unusually gendered focus, but seen in the light of kingship we can infer that this talisman is meant to guarantee an heir to the throne. Translated to contemporary times and democratic societies, we could understand this effect more broadly as pointing toward someone continuing the family line, fit to carry ancestral gifts, or even continue a family business.

To “not be injured by enemies” may point to physical protection, but in the context of Jupiter’s dominion over kings and kingship may also extend to the safeguarding of one’s estate and reputation.

In all, this talisman seems to be aimed at creating a peaceful, prosperous, and fruitful realm for its bearer.

“It is true that officials and judges will esteem those that carry these images with them.”
—Maslama al-Qurtubi, Picatrix, Book II, Chapter 10 (tr. Greer & Warnock)

The Picatrix, in Book III, Chapter 1, describes “in detail the effects and powers that every planet has,” and one of the very first significations listed for Jupiter is that “He rules over laws and the legal profession [and] jurisprudence.” Unlike the previous talisman which appears very general purpose, this talisman is much more specialized, aiming at establishing the bearer within the good graces of governmental and legal officials.

Although this talisman is not a wealth talisman on its face, it seems likely that it could have been used to benefit merchants and traders, particularly those involved in imports and exports who would have had to interface with officials with some frequency. Likewise, anyone involved in issues of land and title could probably have benefited from this talisman, in addition to the more obvious use case of those looking to make a career in law.

“And if you carry this stone while hunting birds, birds will congregate around and you can capture as many as you wish. You will also be loved by men and received well by them… If a woman has this stone she will not conceive as long as she has it.”
—Maslama al-Qurtubi, Picatrix, Book II, Chapter 10 (tr. Greer & Warnock)

One of the more out-of-left-field recipes, this one begins, “If you wish to stop women from conceiving and catch as many birds as you desire…” How many of us have had the thought: ‘If I had a dollar for every time I wanted to stop women from conceiving and catch as many birds as I desire…’?

From one perspective, this talisman appears to be one of excess, or of the elimination of limitations. From another perspective, we could see this as a talisman of non-martial conquest: in hunting, in sexual relationships, in social dealings. Although medieval significations offer Jupiter as the planet of temperance and mildness, this talisman shows that a talisman of a planet can also direct those same energies to the opposite effects. For the person looking to maximize both their bird-hunting and child-generating capacities, this talisman is, sadly, not the best option.

“whoever holds this talisman will be feared by men and devils.”
—Maslama al-Qurtubi, Picatrix, Book II, Chapter 10 (tr. Greer & Warnock)

Whereas the talisman for kingship above seems geared toward the benevolent ruler, this talisman leans more toward the Machiavellian side of things. Such a talisman could be useful for politicians, athletes, lawyers, soldiers, and competitors of all varieties. Although we might naturally associate the effect of instilling fear with Mars and martial magic, we need only remember that Jupiter, via Jove, was associated with fearsome lightning and devastating natural events. See, for example, the Orphic Hymn to Thundering Jupiter:

Thy rapid dart can raise the hair upright,
and shake the heart of man with wild afright…
Rapid, ætherial bolt, descending fire,
the earth all-parent, trembles at thy ire;
The sea all-shining; and each beast that hears
the sound terrific, with dread horror fears…

If that’s your vibe, this talisman may be for you.

“if you wash the image in liquid and drink it, you will see spirits, and by it whatever you wish will be accomplished.”
—Maslama al-Qurtubi, Picatrix, Book II, Chapter 10 (tr. Greer & Warnock)

Whereas the talismans thus far have focused on worldly concerns, this talisman hones in a bit more on the spiritual side of things. We should note here that in addition to kings and such, Picatrix also lists among the persons ruled by Jupiter: sages, preachers of religion, virtuous [people], interpreters of dreams, hermits, and philosophers.

This is one place where the Greer & Warnock translation falls a little short due to the ambiguity of the phrasing. We can ask ourselves, what does ‘it’ refer to in this talisman description? The singular article ‘it’ would suggest the reference is to the image—that is, the talisman—but this would make for an unusual talisman that fulfills wishes and creates epiphenomenal images of spirits. Consulting the Attrell & Porreca translation provides some clarity:

“the drinker will behold spirits and from these they will accomplish their desires”
—Maslama al-Qurtubi, Picatrix, Book II, Chapter 10 (tr. Attrell & Porecca)

This translation provides significantly more direct language: this talisman’s purpose is to introduce the bearer to spirits that will provide assistance in achieving the bearer’s desires. Thus, this talisman appears to primarily be a talisman for sorcery, and only secondarily a talisman for achieving one’s desires. After all, there are various other talismans that do not claim to require spiritual intermediaries to achieve their desired ends, and so for the most part only spiritualists, occultists, and the like would choose this talisman over other apparently simpler options.

Jupiter Talismans in Agrippa’s Three Books of Occult Philosophy

Agrippa also describes a talisman based on the planetary table or kamea of Jupiter:

“[I]t brings gain and wealth, gratitude, love, peace, and concord with men. It appeases enemies and secures honors, dignities, and councils. It dissolves sorceries if engraved in coral.”
—Three Books of Occult Philosophy, Book II, Chapter 22 (tr. Eric Purdue)

In many ways, this is similar to the talisman from Picatrix above, for which we made the case that it was in some sense a talisman of kingship. This talisman, based on the planetary table of Jupiter, provides several similar boons such as wealth, peace and security from enemies, and honors. Unlike the Picatrix talisman, Agrippa’s version does not mention having many sons. And whereas the former spoke about “a good life,” Agrippa’s talisman instead lists several personal and relational qualities—such as gratitude, love, peace, dignities, and councils—that we might think about as going hand in hand with a good life, or at least a certain vision of it.

The last sentence of the description of this talisman’s effects is quite noteworthy and interesting from the perspective of the astrological magician. In addition to giving us a somewhat rare effect—that is, protection from sorceries—usually only seen in talismans for certain fixed stars, it also gives us a specific condition of the talisman’s construction. This provides an important example of a traditional source documenting that the effects of a talisman depend on and can vary fairly significantly according to the material used in its creation.

“for long life”
—Three Books of Occult Philosophy, Book II, Chapter 39 (tr. Eric Purdue)

Somewhat rare among talismanic effects, long life is only otherwise seen among certain Saturn talismans. That Jupiter could also bring about this effect probably reflects Jupiter’s association with persons “of middle age, or of a full judgment and discretion” (William Lilly, Christian Astrology, p. 64). Marsilio Ficino also considered “all the things … [considered] preservative of youth and healthful for the eldery are very Jovial” (Three Books on Life, Book 3, Chapter XI).

Jupiter’s association with wisdom and with professions associated with long study and experience (e.g., “sages, preachers of religion, judges, …hermits, philosophers, kings,” Picatrix, Book III, Chapter 7) also contribute to the association with advanced age and the quality of life required to live that long.

“this [talisman] augurs happiness, wealth, honor and brings benevolence and prosperity, and confirms freedom from enemies”
—Three Books of Occult Philosophy, Book II, Chapter 39 (tr. Eric Purdue)

Much like the Picatrix kingship talisman, the effects of this talisman promise a variety of positive boons that we have already reviewed. Jupiter sports some of the finest general-purpose talismans out of all the spheres. In the Picatrix chapter on planetary petitions, Jupiter gets described as “the source of all good and goodness, and the maker of all good things” (Book III, Chapter 7). This helps explain why Marsilio Ficino recommended that, in a vacuum, one almost cannot go wrong with a talisman from one of the Three Graces as he called Jupiter, Venus, and the Sun.

“for a religious and glorious life, and for dexterity of fortune”
—Three Books of Occult Philosophy, Book II, Chapter 39 (tr. Eric Purdue)

In addition to all his worldly significations, Jupiter is also the dispositor of religion, piety, and faith. Indeed, the Picatrix petitions describe Jupiter as the “lover of those who uphold religions and serve them,” the “lover of religion, [who is] wise and learned and lover of those who believe and keep the faith,” “helper of those who obey the laws and commandments of God,” the planet to whom “God has given piety and goodness,” and so forth and so on. (The foremost petition to Jupiter in the Picatrix is so infamously long that we leave collating the references to religion, faith, piety, and obedience to and favor from God that are found in this chapter as an exercise to the reader.)

This talisman is fairly unique in the historical repertoire of image magic. Whereas the significant majority of talismans focus on external, worldly boons and only implicitly embody connection with the spirit world through their nature, this Jupiter talisman highlights and magnifies the spiritual aspect of talismanic magic.

Interestingly, however, this Jupiter talisman does not seem fit for the reclusive monastic, wandering mendicant, or martyred saint. The additional benefits of “a glorious life” and “dexterity of fortune” indicate that the religiosity of this talisman has a distinctly jovial sheen, and might put us in mind of the bejeweled drip of richly decorated Vatican priests—or, to take a darker and more exploitative angle on it, the jet setting megachurch preachers of the modern day prosperity gospel.

Of note, the founder of Mormonism Joseph Smith was found with a Jupiter talisman on his person at the time of his death which was, according to his wife Emma Smith, one of his most prized possessions.

The Book of the Treasure of Alexander’s Degree of Exaltation Jupiter Talisman

The Book of the Treasure of Alexander provides a recipe for the Jupiter degree of exaltation talisman (i.e., a talisman to be made when Jupiter is in his particular degree of exaltation in the sign of Cancer) purported to have the following effects:

“The ring of Jupiter is for the strengthening of the heart and the alleviation of heart pains [and] fainting. He who carries the ring of Jupiter will be popular, well respected and praised. He will be victorious in his disputes and his endeavors will be fruitful… Anoint the signet of this ring with the blood of a fish and the ring will make the wearer brave and valiant and preserve him from thieves and injuries in battle.”
—Book of the Treasure of Alexander, quoted from Christopher Warnock’s Renaissance Astrology website

As we have seen from the examples from al-Qurtubi’s Picatrix and Agrippa’s Three Books of Occult Philosophy, Jupiter talismans do not, generally speaking, grant health benefits. The Book of the Treasure of Alexander degree of exaltation talismans each speak to specific healing virtues granted through its attested planetary talisman recipes. The degree of exaltation Jupiter talisman grants strength to the heart and “alleviation of heart pains [and] fainting.” Although the Picatrix attributes the heart to the Sun and the liver to Jupiter, William Lilly noted that “palpitations and trembling of the heart” as well as various problems of the blood were attributed to Jupiter (Christian Astrology, p. 63).

Beyond the health benefits, most of the gifts of this talisman are consistent with those we have already seen: favor, good-will, success, and the like.

The final line of the description of this talisman’s benefits is truly remarkable: “anoint the signet of this ring with the blood of a fish and the ring will make the wearer brave and valiant and preserve him from thieves and injuries in battle.” Two things stand out here.

First, at the level of content, the boons of this talisman lean more Martial than Jovial. Although other Jupiter talismans provide protection from enemies, the protection of this talisman specifically gears itself toward battle and comes along with valor and bravery.

Second, at the level of process, we are not given much information to work with to understand exactly what is happening when one anoints the image of the talisman with the blood of a fish. This could perhaps suggest that certain offerings to a talisman can elicit certain gifts from the spirit or sphere of the talisman. Along similar lines, we could think of the blood of a fish could be a kind of ‘fuel’ or ‘food’ for the spirit, although the lack of attestation elsewhere in the tradition of a need to “feed” talismans makes this unlikely. Alternatively, the talisman is perhaps able to potentiate the occult powers of other materials, in which case the spirit of the talisman in combination with the blood of a fish functions as a kind of temporary spell rather than the relatively stable or even permanent gifts that talismans normally provide.

In any case, the degree of exaltation Jupiter talisman provides some quite intriguing food for thought in terms of how talismans metaphysically function and operate.

A Jupiter Talisman from Marsilio Ficino’s Three Books on Life

Marsilio Ficino’s Three Books on Life is a gold mine for understanding the nature and philosophical background of astrological talismans, but it does not carry a reputation as much of a practical manual. In part, this is because Ficino valued consumable astrological medicines (“confections,” which would today be known as talismanic materia) over more permanent talismans. Nevertheless, he does list a handful of talismanic images, including a Jupiter talisman:

“For a long and happy life, they made an image of Jupiter…”
—Three Books on Life, Book 3, Chapter XVIII (tr. Kaske & Clark)

You’re not wrong if you think you’ve heard this one before: the Agrippa talisman above “for long life” describes a very similar talismanic image for a quite similar effect. Agrippa describes “the figure [of] a crowned man, dressed in yellow garments, riding on an eagle or dragon and holding in his right hand an arrow, as if he were throwing it into the head of the same eagle or dragon,” whereas Ficino has “a man crowned, sitting on an eagle or dragon, wearing a yellow robe.” Possibly Agrippa and Ficino alike were drawing from the same source text. However, although Picatrix contains several images that feature overlapping iconographic features, neither this precise image nor the particular effect of longevity appear in our older grimoire of astrological magic. One might extrapolate a long life from the Picatrix kingship talisman, though this would be an idiosyncratic condensation of that talisman’s panoply of effects.

Another confusing comparison between the Agrippa and Ficino versions of this talismans emerges when we consider that Ficino’s describes more complicated effects with a simpler image. The precise relationship between magical effects and talismanic images reflects mysteries worthy of extended contemplation.

A Jupiter Talisman from A.E. Waite’s The Occult Sciences

A text from A.E. Waite documents several social, protective, and health benefits benefits of a certain Jupiter talisman:

“The talisman of Jupiter is held to attract to the wearer the benevolence and sympathy of every one. It averts anxieties, favours honourable enterprises, and augments well-being in proportion to social condition. It is a protection against unforeseen accidents, and the perils of a violent death when it is threatened by Saturn in the horoscope of nativity. It also preserves from death by affections of the liver, by inflammation of the lungs, and by that cruel affection of the spinal marrow, which is termed ‘tabes dorsalis’ in medicine.”
—The Occult Sciences, A.E. Waite, p. 119

This talisman’s first listed benefit seems to function as a kind of social lubricant, making others well-disposed toward you. More so than favor, which is more narrow and hierarchical, this Jovial talisman seems to promise something like popularity.

Averting anxieties stands as a remarkable talismanic benefit. The vast majority of talismanic boons focus on factors external to the individual’s experience and tend to promise more worldly benefits. Probably in large part due to cultural and worldview differences between now and when the grimoires in our tradition developed, talismanic descriptions tend not to focus on psychological effects or the experience of the bearer.

One gift that probably bears some explanation is “augments well-being in proportion to social condition.” As phrased, it almost seems to say that it improves well-being more the better-off one is in society, which would be something of a redundancy, since those that are better off tend to feel better off, all other things being equal (while recognizing that especially in modern times, relative inequality is a better predictor of dissatisfaction than absolute status). As best we can tell, it makes the most sense to interpret this statement in terms of the quality of benefit rather than the quantity. That is, the things that contribute to well-being differ depending on one’s social standing, and this talisman seems to promise benefits that change and adapt to where you are in life.

Finally, in terms of health benefits, as documented below, Israel Hibner attributes liver and lung diseases to Jupiter. The ‘cruel affection of the spinal marrow’ that Waite refers to as ‘tabes dorsalis’ is a symptom of advanced syphilitic infection, which would be quite miraculous indeed for a talisman to preserve one from or cure.

Israel Hibner’s Jupiter Talisman from Mysterium Sigillorum

Finally, Israel Hibner documents a talisman based on the planetary square or kamea of Jupiter that purports to cure a number of ailments:

“When this [talisman] is prepared in the influence of Jupiter, and put in a blue silk bag, it cures all the sicknesses of Jupiter.”
—Mysterium Sigillorum, Israel Hibner, p. 166

Hibner lists as “diseases of the nature of Jupiter ” the following: “pleurisy and swelling in the sides, convulsion and cramp, pains in the back, stubbornness, yearly fever, liver-grown, lungs, ribbs (sic), knee-pan, pulse, sinews and gristles, sperm.” This list bears similarity to the list of sicknesses attributed to Jupiter by William Lilly.

In addition, in a later section of Mysterium Sigillorum, Hibner boasts a laundry list of positive effects from the same Jupiter talisman, if properly prepared:

“He who carries this [talisman] with him, is acceptable to all persons; it preserves health, and old age; it bring [sic] all sciences fortune, riches, and honor; it occasions ambassadors to have great and high esteem, and finish their negotiations to satisfaction; and if one be taken captive, it furthers his redemption; this [talisman] being carried on the breast, gives great knowledge in law and divinity, and fortunates all things that a man takes in hand.”
—Mysterium Sigillorum, Israel Hibner, p. 186

We have here a list of several Jovial benefits that we have encountered before, such as good will from others, health, longevity, luck, and boosts to those interested in law and divinity. The phrase “bring[s] all sciences fortune, riches, and honor” seems to indicate success and wealth through certain kinds of industry and effort, rather than simply those benefits no matter what; likewise with the esteem of ambassadors. Picatrix attributes the sciences to Jupiter (Book III, Chapter7) though scientists and a mind for science to Mercury.

Redemption of prisoners is an interesting new addition to the Jovial repertoire, an effect otherwise seen only in a certain Mercury talisman and in some lunar mansion talismans. We might explain this by reference to the reversal of negative Saturnine influence listed above in the talisman from A.E. Waite. Since Saturn signifies prisons and imprisonment (particularly when retrograde: see Picatrix, Book III, Chapter 7), if Jupiter can reverse the fortunes of Saturnine influences it stands to reason that a Jupiter talisman could benefit prisoners or captives.

Selecting a Jupiter Talisman

The range of Jovial gifts is quite long indeed, befitting the magnanimity and generosity of the Greater Benefic. Several Jupiter talismans promise a wide range of benefits that would be welcome to most people in most situations. Partly for this reason, we would have little hesitation recommending a Jupiter talisman to almost anyone.

With that said, whenever anyone is choosing a talisman, we by and large recommend selecting based off of your goals and intentions rather than on the nature or reputation of the celestial body represented by the talisman. So, if you are looking for a talisman for wealth, luck, social standing, or success, a particular Jupiter talisman might be a good choice for you; if you are looking for a talisman for romantic love, occult knowledge, or safe travels, we can see that our traditional sources do not describe Jupiter talismans with these effects.

It is also worth noting that since Jupiter takes about 12 years to make a full transit through the zodiac, Jupiter talismans may be quite scarce during the long periods (ranging roughly from 2 to 4 years at a time) during which Jupiter does not have essential dignity. Thus, if you have cause or motives to secure a Jupiter talisman, it may be prudent to take the opportunity when it arises or to consult with a magically inclined professional astrologer who can counsel you about whether a long dry spell is on the horizon when it comes to Jupiter talismans.

If you are interested in forging a relationship with Jupiter but are unsure about making a commitment to a Jupiter talisman, we also provide resources on Jupiter devotion, prayer, and veneration on our page on the Orphic Hymn to Jupiter and other prayers.

Here at Idola Stellarum, we release quarterly collections of astromagical talismanic jewelry, which have included some powerful Jupiter talismans. Get on our mailing list below to receive word of new resources, collections, and when our Inner Sanctum opens next.

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